Examine the Key Ideas Associated with Law and Punishment

Inspect the key thoughts related with law and discipline Law and Punishment go connected at the hip. There are Laws, which are the arrangement of rules which a specific nation or network perceives as managing the activities of adherents, and there are disciplines, for when an individual from said nation/network disrupts the norms. Discipline is characterized as the punishment of a punishment or to cause torment for an offence.Most of the time it's anything but a decision regarding whether you are a piece of a law-following network in light of the fact that practically all nations on the planet have a law-framework and frequently the moment you turn the age where you are lawfully capable or step off the vessel, plane or train you are exposed to their laws. The Biblical perspectives on discipline have frequently been founded on the old confirmation instructing ‘an eye for an eye’. The book of scriptures additionally spreads out disciplines for specific wrongdoings that see m to follow this educating. Then again, actually there are numerous disciplines in the book of scriptures that appear to be messed up with regards to the wrongdoing e. . â€Å"whoever curses his dad or his mom will be put to death†. There are numerous issues with this announcement for instance it doesn't state how old the child/little girl must be to merit this discipline, it appears to suggest even a multi year old who doesn't really have the foggiest idea what they are stating can be executed for reviling their folks. Tit for tat is additionally significant in today’s laws, it is the premise of retributive equity that is available in our general public. Retributive equity is the possibility that the individuals who have done the wrongdoing ought to some way or another compensation back for what they did.Rachel’s said â€Å"People have the right to be treated similarly that they have (deliberately rewarded others)† This appears to be a reasonable method of rewarding somebody since why somebody ought to be permitted to do a certain something and afterward not hope to be treated similarly? However, a few disciplines that are retributive e. g. the death penalty don't appear to profit society and there is a danger of the discipline getting vindictive not retributive. Retributive equity additionally causes an issue since it may make the death penalty a real way to deal with punishment.I. e. In the event that an individual killings it is directly for them to be slaughtered. What's more, It likewise can lead the legitimate framework to as opposed to seeming like somebody is being made to take care of what they have fouled up to resembling the lawful framework is being misleading I. e. we are demonstrating society that it isn't right to be rough by being fierce to transgressors. This isn't the way we ought to train individuals to not be rough. The discipline additionally should not be lopsided to the wrongdoing e. g. condemning a little yo ungster to death for taking a sweet from a shop.Some types of discipline e. g. fines might be lopsided on the grounds that to individuals with cash a fine doesn't have any effect yet to somebody who has quite recently enough cash or just beneath the cash they requirement for necessities it tends to be a huge issue, yet on normal I think retributive estimates assists with causing the discipline to be proportionate to the wrongdoing in light of the fact that the individual can be dealt with the manner in which they rewarded others. Prevention is another type of discipline. It implies that we ought to rebuff for wrongdoings so as to deflect others from carrying out a similar wrongdoing I. e. f we realize what the discipline for a demonstration is we are less disposed to do it. Anyway there are issues with this since it expect that the culprit had aim and full information on what they were doing wasn't right however regularly savage violations occur without giving it much thought and ar e not arranged and those rough wrongdoings that are determined are frequently done by those individuals who are intellectually sick. Additionally, for what reason ought to be rebuff somebody for another person? Reformative equity is getting increasingly well known in today’s society and is the endeavor to transform the criminal into an ordinary decent citizen.It is regularly founded on the possibility that everybody has an inherent worth essentially in light of the fact that they are human and the improvement of people is acceptable. As indicated by deontology this is acceptable in light of the fact that recovery forestalls individuals regarding others as means. There is additionally an utilitarian contention for this in light of the fact that reformative equity improves the general personal satisfaction in the public eye. I additionally would contend that reformative equity is likewise attempting to right the imbalance between the rich and poor. Individuals from less well of foundations are bound to carry out violations because of them having less chances and less education.Poorer individuals are likewise bound to originate from savage foundations and hence are bound to be brutal themselves. Hence reformative equity assists make with increasing for this absence of chances by offering classes inside detainment facilities for instance. In spite of the fact that there are numerous beneficial things about reformative disciplines, there are likewise numerous issues. Transformation removes the obligation regarding our activities and it doesn't endeavor to right an inappropriate. This messes up itself in such a case that there is no ‘punishment’ other than transformation then there is no motivation for individuals not to perpetrate wrongdoing, in truth there is just about an impetus to carry out a crime!And why somebody in jail ought to get open doors that individuals outside the jail don't get. I might want to imagine that there is acceptable in everybody except it would essentially be unfeasible to believe that we can restore everybody as certain individuals are just excessively far proceeded to would prefer not to change. Hobbes philosophized concerning why we need/need laws in the public eye and he concocted a thought called the implicit understanding hypothesis. This thought depended on his idea that legislature is an understanding between a gathering of individuals where they make a deal to avoid harming each other.This is fuelled by the inspiration of personal responsibility which as indicated by Hobbes is relevant in light of the fact that people are narrow minded animals and along these lines look for aggregate insurance. I. e. In the event that I vow not to hurt you and you vow not to hurt me then neither of us gets injured and we’re both upbeat. Furthermore, this is the thing that Hobbes accepts to be the premise of our longing to keep the laws set out by the state †we ought to maintain a strategic di stance from bedlam since it isn't to our greatest advantage subsequently we should keep the laws. Kant had a comparative end I. e. that we should keep the laws however for an alternate reason.Kant said that we ought to ‘act so you treat mankind, both in your own individual and in that of another, consistently as an end’ I. e. we should keep the laws with the goal that we don't regard others as unfortunate chore. His concept of realm of closures states ‘act as per the adages of a part giving general laws for a simply conceivable realm of ends’ where the realm of finishes is an ideal network where all individuals regard each other as finishes in themselves. This is the thing that we ought to endeavor to accomplish, and to be effective at this we should keep the laws of the community.Therefore we should keep the laws and to keep the laws implies that we should rebuff those that overstep the law.. Assess the view that objectivity and relativism present issues f or the idea of law and discipline. Objectivity expresses that there are moral rules that are never right or in every case right and they are ordinarily settled from the earlier I. e. without experience. Consequently as there are sure things that are never right we need a law to prevent individuals from doing it. This law might be unbiasedly right and its discipline for violating the law may likewise be impartially right.Objectivity may bolster retributive equity; Retributive equity is the point at which somebody repays for their wrongdoing. This could bolster objectivity since it should be forced with the consistency that objectivity gives subsequently you could contend that Retributive equity just works with the objectivity and as retributive equity will in general be supported in western social orders maybe objectivity doesn't posture such an issue with law and discipline. Having said this there are as yet the issues it does cause.Objective moral standards are set up from the earl ier in this way we can't know them through experience. In the event that we don't have any acquaintance with them through experience, by what method can we really know whether something is correct or wrong and in this way how would we know whether a law is correct while utilizing objectivity. Objectivity likewise doesn't take into consideration singular cases, it risks utilizing a ‘one size fits all’ strategy towards law and discipline and while we do require some consistency among violations, one size doesn't actually fit all in light of the fact that few out of every odd wrongdoing is actually the same!Normative relativism expresses that reality and ethical quality is comparative with the nation/society that one is in and subsequently we can't scrutinize different societies concerning how they get things done. With respect to law and discipline this leads us to the face that there are no positive realities or ethics that can be applied in each circumstance around the globe so Punishment is resolved by the nation and, in the event that we take it relativism further, as indicated by the conditions of the case.Hobbes took a relativist see since he said that equity can't be fixed, and every nation/network has various thoughts of what law and discipline ought to be all we ought to do is point not be in turmoil, not on the grounds that it isn't right in a target sense but since it doesn't serve or personal circumstance. Relativism might be something worth being thankful for in light of the fact that it permits every nation to arrange discipline as they see fit and there is merit in the frameworks that different nations have for instance a few people accept that Iraq was legitimized in the hanging of Saddam Hussein despite the fact that in our general public capital punishment isn't used.However it has issues since it implies that all types of discipline are directly as long as it is acknowledged by society e. g. it is on the whole correct to drape a l ittle youngster for taking desserts if society thought it was the right discipline. In the event that discipline is concluded comparative with the situation and there is no consistency we could wind up with an equity framework where just a few people would be rebuffed and t

Technology Assessment Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Innovation Assessment Plan - Research Paper Example 1.2 IT Management Structure The IT the board structures involves for the executives posts with progressive useful designation stream from top down ward. The administration comprise of Chief Executive Officer (CEO) as Todd Hoppens; Chief Information Officer(CIO) as Jared Campbell; Chief Technical Officer (CTO) as Felix Yanez; lastly IT VP as Nicholas Williams. Aside from the supervisory group, there are usage groups or IT specialists that execute the innovation plan. An announcing diagram 1.3 Technology Plan Goals An innovation guide is an arrangement that supplement present moment and long haul destinations with exact innovation answers for help meet those objectives or targets. It is a methodology that is relevant to another item or technique, or to an exceptional innovation. Innovation is dynamic and ToJa and FeNi Corporation can't stay on business in the event that they don't catch new advancement of chocolate creation. The target of this arrangement is to perceive the IT Infrastr ucture prerequisites for the following 2 years for ToJa and FeNi Corporation by giving (Bolan, and Cullin, 2007): A stock of current innovation resources. IT Infrastructure documentation distinguishing future needs. An organized arrangement, including a spending plan, for tending to these necessities. 1.4 Plan Review The innovation plan is a duty of the ToJa and FeNi Corporation the executives and IT office. The CEO, CIO, CTO and IT VP are answerable for the arrangement execution. Innovative audit and update must be done when another innovation rises. So the organization should consistently financial plan for innovation overhaul. Development subsection must be made to survey advances rise and exhort the administration with legitimate suggestion. 2 Executive Summary The innovation plan technique of ToJa and FeNi Corporation includes: characterizing the available innovation procedure; recognizing the prerequisite; structure, create and buy important innovation; actualize and train the staffs; lastly keeping up and keep learning. Innovation plan is basic for the development of the business. By concentrating on its qualities, its significant clients, and the central qualities vital, ToJa and FeNi Corporation will enlarge deals logically in its initial two years after innovation execution, while additionally continuing the gross edge on deals, with a center onâ cash the board and working capital. This innovation plan drives the way. It redesigns the company’s vision and vital center: increasing the value of the objective piece of the pie, and fortifying associations with organizations in the neighborhood markets. It likewise gives the bit by bit plan for upgrading deals, creation, net edge, and productivity. Innovation plan improves the association with applicable partners through systems administration. Innovation propels is the foundation and premise of any business progress hence the requirement for ToJa and FeNi Corporation to deal with innovation plan. The official administration must grasp the way that innovation is dynamic and should be proceeds and made arrangements for. Propelled confectionary items are produced with the use of the cut edge innovations. Present day high capacity equipment,â strict commitment to the creation advancements, just high greatness crude materials guarantees

Blog Archive MBA News Chicago Releases its 2007-2008 Essay Questions

Blog Archive MBA News Chicago Releases its 2007-2008 Essay Questions We thank an MBA candidate for making us aware of the fact that Chicago has released its essay questions. We will follow  up with our analysis shortly. Still, in the meantime, t is worth noting that  the Chicago GBSs powerpoint (and now PDF) presentation is still a requirement.  While this may seem daunting it is also an incredible opportunity to differentiate yourself, so the rewards  can be  immense.   From the GSB.   Essay questions for the Fall 2009 application are below. The Fall 2009 Chicago GSB application will be available in late-July 2008.     Why are you pursuing an MBA at this point in your career?   (750 word maximum). Please select one of the following two questions to answer. (1000 word maximum) 1a) Please provide an example of a time when you had to make a choice between two equally important obligations. How did you decide which obligation deserved your attention? b) Did you try and predict other peoples reactions to your decision? If so, how accurate were you? Why do you think you were or were not accurate in your prediction? c) Reflecting on this experience, how do you think an MBA from Chicago GSB might have aided in your decision making process? -or- 2a) Have you ever made a decision that caused you to go against popular opinion? Please describe that situation and your rationale for you decision. b) Did you feel at any point that people misperceived your motives? Explain? c) In retrospect, how do you think an MBA from Chicago GSB would have affected your decision? Slide Presentation We have asked for a great deal of information throughout this application and now invite you tell us about yourself. Using four slides or less, please provide readers with content that captures who you are. We have set forth the following guidelines for you to consider when creating your presentation. The content is completely up to you. There is no right or wrong approach this essay. Feel free to use the software you are most comfortable with. Acceptable formats for upload in the online application system are PowerPoint or PDF.   There is a strict maximum of 4 slides, though you can provide fewer than 4 if you choose.    Slides will be printed and added to your file for review, therefore, flash, hyperlinks, embedded videos, music, etc. will not be viewed by the committee. You are limited to text and static images to convey your points. Color may be used.  Slides will be evaluated on the quality of content and ability to convey your ideas, not on technical expertise or presentation.  You are welcome to attach a document containing notes if you feel a deeper explanation of your slides is necessary. However the hope is the slide is able to stand alone and convey your ideas clearly. You will not be penalized for adding notes but you should not construct a slide with the intention of using the notes section as a consistent means of explanation. Share ThisTweet Blogroll News

Historical Foundations in the Field of Psychology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1262 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Abstract This final assignment is a reflective paper in which the historical, philosophical, and empirical foundations of the field of learning in psychology and its applications will be discussed. Additionally, there will be a discussion of the ways that history has helped to shape important contemporary learning theories and issues. Lastly, the paper will provide an explanation of how specific topics and information such as instrumental conditioning techniques and the usefulness of different learning styles may impact my personal and professional life and how the different aspects of the field of learning have added value to my body of knowledge as a student and future professional in the field of psychology. Historical Foundations Of the Field of Learning Shaping Important Contemporary Issues It is a natural course of action for the field of learning to fall under the umbrella of the field of psychology. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Historical Foundations in the Field of Psychology" essay for you Create order A branch of philosophy and science, the field of learning, just as the field of psychology, was created through the movements of empiricism and rationalism, along with the development of evolution theory (Terry, 2009). These movements fostered interest in scientific investigation thus giving way to epistemology, which means, theory of knowledge. Questions concerning nature and nurture sparked interest in how we came to have knowledge, which is the main tenet of the field of learning (Terry, 2009). In the field of psychology, the learning theories provide a way to explain how we learn and attain knowledge; how we think. While philosophers agreed with the basic definition of knowledge and learning, which is defined as the acquisition of knowledge, their opinions varied in how acquisition occurs (Terry, 2009). Descartes suggested that although we learn, other sources of knowledge exist. He introduced the ideas of nativism and rationalism. He proposed that we have innate knowledge of our ideas of God, infinity, and perfecton (Terry, 2009). Also, that other knowledge is derived by a reasoning, logical, and intuiting mind (Terry, 2009). Additioally, this knowledge is present and independent of particular experiences with the world (Terry, 2009). Therefore, he believed in the process of learning, but he didn’t believe that all knowledge had to be learned. However, John Locke introduced the idea that knowledge is actually learned through our experiences, and through use of our senses, which is the idea of empiricism (Terry, 2009). This phenomenon is later known as cause and effect. The ideas of Descartes and Locke influenced researchers toward an empirical view of learning through seeking out how knowledge is acquired through what is experienced in the environment. This gave way to the scientific methods of association learning, conditioning, and verbal learning (Terry, 2009). Each of the historical thoughts on learning is continuous and useful in some way today. There are modern theories that have built upon the ideas of conditioning and behavior modifications, etc. One such example is research conducted to treat anxiety disorders. Mineka, and Zinbarg (2006), provide a modern approach to treating phobias, as well as other anxiety disorders. Their research starts with the traditional premise that what can be learned can be unlearned, and possibly prevented (Mineka Zinbarg, 2006). However, they support modern criticism that traditional learning approaches do not adequately account for the diverse factors involved in the origins of people’s anxieties. To support this claim they provide an example of two clients with phobias of dogs. The phobias were developed due to experiencing attacks by dogs. The first client actually was out walking her pet dog when she was attacked and later developed an infection due to the bite. However, the second client only experienced her clothes being torn before the owner was able to grab the dog before any serious injury occurred, although both clients developed phobias (Mineka Zinbarg). They argue that traditional learning approaches do not adeqatly explain why the client that was not bitten developed the phobia as well. Additionally, they provide another concern that traditional views do not explain why many individuals that have had traumatic experiences do not develop phobias. Furthermore, they go on to say that contemporary learning approaches are better grounded in the theories and methods of experimental psychology, and they provide more comprehensive formulations of the etiology of anxiety disorders. Also, that they provide a more explicit analysis of factors promoting or inhibiting the deeopment of different anziety disorders (Mineka Zinbarg). With that being said, there have indeed been great advancements in the field of learning and psychology, along with growing technological advances. Learning involves observable changes in behavior; objective evidence, and traditional researchers such as Pavlov, Watson and Skinner have paved the way for providing a scientific foundation for psychology and learning. â€Å"Psychology is a science because it is objective and quantifiable. Learning and memory themselves are not observed directly; they are processes that occur in the nervous system (Terry, pg. 5, 2009). Therefore, contemporary research has taken advantage of the use of PET scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look at brain functions to explain behaviors ( Raichle, 1994). These modern avenues of research have allowed researchers to become a step closer to relating psychological theory to brain functions and research. For example, today’s research may include brain scans and case studies of brain damaged sol diers. Even more so, recent research on post traumatic stress disorder examines the use of exposure therapy on preventing the reoccurenc of PTSD (Massad et. l, 2006). This research is most interesting because the researchers examine the understanding of reducing fear responses because associations with the stimuli are not unlearned. Their research concludes that unless exposure treatment regimens are maximized the risk of renewal of PTSD is high (Massad et. al, 2006). Such advances are very important to the quality of life that our existence depends upon. Knowledge is necessary for our daily lives even more so now than ever. This very research can be instrumental in a military soldiers life as we are currently in war time. The topics in the field of learning that have had the most impact on me personally include learned taste aversions and the development of specific phobias For example, the first time a child sees a nurse and a needle at the pediatricians office, it probably will not cause the child to cry. However, through the pairing of the needle with the unpleasant sensation of having a vaccination the sight of the nurser may come to elicit symptoms of fear and anxiety, even if the child is not receiving a vaccination. I personally found this interesting just because I am a mom and it is interesting to use such information while rearing children. The second type of learning that I found interesting in the behaviorist tradition is instrumental or operant, conditioning. This type of learning requires that an organism operate on the environment to achieve a goal (Terry, 2009). So then, behaviors are learned as a function of the consequences of those behaviors. Of course, this type of reinforcement is useful in the classroom as well as rearing children. Additionally, social learning theory focuses on observational learning, and modeling. Social learning researchers are concerned with how expectations, memory, and awareness influence the learning process (Berk, 2008). Children learn many behaviors through modeling. Most interesting to me was Albert Bandura’s experiment with children. It is still shocking and relevant today. Adults can find this research useful when considering the consequences of behavior. References Berk, L. (2008). Infants, children and adolescents. (6th Edition). Boston: Allyn Bacon. Raichle, M. (1994). Images of the mind: Studies with modern imaging techniques. Annual Review of Psychology, 45333-356. doi:10. 1146/annurev. ps. 45. 020194. 002001. Terry, W. S. (2009). Learning memory: Basic principles, processes, and procedures. (4th ed. ) Boston: Pearson Higher Education.

Important Discoveries in Physics Essay - 2329 Words

Ideas in the subject of Physics are never absolute; it is a forever-changing topic. We think we have discovered everything there is to know about it, and then we find out something new that changes everything. That is one of the reasons physics is so interesting to learn about – there will always be something new. There are many very important discoveries in Physics. This paper will describe some of the discoveries. These discoveries are prevalent throughout history and in our daily lives. One of the oldest, but nonetheless important, discoveries in physics is The Law of Falling Bodies. Discovered by Galileo Galilei, it remains a fundamental part of physics even today. It states that all objects that are falling, no matter mass, height,†¦show more content†¦If they were not important then people would not have heard so much about them. Isaac Newton was a mathematician and physicist that discovered the three laws of motion. 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Essay on Critical Thinking/Reflection - 1393 Words

Assessing both critical thinking and the reflection process in learning, these aspects are both intertwined. Without one, you cannot have the other. With the use of critical thinking and reflection this thought process allows us to analyse, assess, evaluate, learn and develop arguments. However this can have a twofold affect in the learning process. The learning process means taking many aspects and perspectives into account to establish an argument. Critical thinking draws on questions such as: how, what, when, why and who to determine the quality of an argument and also the credibility. Although without critical thinking a conclusion cannot be drawn. Barriers to critical thinking must also be questioned, whether these are: doubt,†¦show more content†¦(Cottrell, Stella, 2005) states â€Å"poor criticism can result from making judgment based on too general an overview of the subject matter.† When developing an argument one must be careful not to make false or unfair a ssumptions and always look for alternative points of view. Doing this allows you to analyse and evaluate and make a more informed decision about an argument. Arguments are about reviewing, speculating and assessing. As a result of doing this, a line of reasoning can be established and conclusions made. Barriers such as critiquing an argument can have a positive effect in critical thinking and the learning process as it allows a person to question everything. One must also be careful when developing an argument and using the critical thinking skills not to make generalisations and jumping to a conclusion. 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The second step is research which is researching what theRead MoreCritical Thinking Reflection686 Words   |  3 PagesReflection Upon Critical Thinking Critical thinking has several formal definitions, yet it is a skill that must be practiced and should function on the practical, everyday level. Critical thinking is a skill set that involves approaching a subject or a question with vigor, curiosity, awareness, and an open mind. Critical thinking in a way, is a kind of thinking that demands that we think about thinking. That is to say, critical thinking includes that the thinker generates and sustains awarenessRead MoreCritical Thinking Reflection1121 Words   |  5 PagesW233 helped shape my writing and critical thinking by reframing my concept of what constitutes a good piece of writing. Prior to this course, I thought that a good paper consisted of an argument supported with solid word choice and consistent organization throughout to guide the reader through each paragraph. My thoughts at this time were more focused the â€Å"what† of an argument, but I learned that in order to write a great paper—especially one tha t involves mediating an argument—it is equally important

Child Language acquisition Outline the main stages of child language development Essay Example For Students

Child Language acquisition Outline the main stages of child language development Essay Similarly to physical activity e.g. standing, all normal children develop language skills at roughly the same time, and follow approximately the same language acquisition schedule regardless of their culture. However, the rate at which each individual child reaches the various stages will vary from child to child. Children are seen as having an innate ability to distinguish between different aspects of language at various stages during the early years of life. Therefore the child notices regularities in what is heard and then applies those regularities to what he/she says. There are several stages in child language acquisition that the child must go through in order to begin to use language with some grammatical structure. The language acquisition schedule begins with caretaker speech, particularly in western society under normal conditions. Caretaker speech is the simplified speech style adopted by a person who spends a lot of time interacting with the child. The behaviour of adults within the home, especially the primary caretaker influences the infants language development. Adults do not address the child during conversation, with typical adult-to-adult conversation, instead emphasis is placed on sounds, and the simple language forms, for example, Oh goody, now daddy push choo choo? There are typical features of caretaker speech such as frequent questions, with exaggerated intonation, simple sentence structures, and repetition. The simplified forms provided by the adult, give clues to the child regarding the basic structural organisation needed, this is typical where the child has already begun to form sounds, and put words together. The adult also uses baby-talk alternatives to the English language e.g. simplified words tummy or completely alternative forms with repeated sounds e.g. choo-choo. Language used by the caretaker whilst interacting with the child will usually be concerned with something within the Childs environment, and that the child is familiar with e.g. toys, pets, mummy, and daddy etc. Before the child can even speak within a conversation with the caretaker, he/she is assigned an interactive role, where the child may actively play the role, by taking instructions and following them, or using facial expression to show approval/ disapproval of an aspect of conversation. Caretaker speech therefore forms the foundation of the acquisition schedule, with the child having learnt basic sounds and perhaps having picked up on some structural elements. The caretaker stage is the stage that the acquisition schedule will be built on. The very early stages of child language acquisition involve pre-linguistic sounds which are called cooing and babbling Three stages of sound production are recognised between the age of 3 months à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 10 months. Cooing is the first form of recognizable sounds, consonants such as K and G and vowels e.g. I and U can normally be heard by the age of 3 months old. The Childs vocal sounds will vary from those of adults. The second stage of sound production is known as babbling, and is reached at approximately 6 months. This may consist  of syllable type sounds e.g. mu, and by the age of 9 months there are noticeable intonation patterns in the consonant and vowel combinations. Typical features of the later stage of babbling are sound play and imitation. Parents and others who interact with the child react to the babbling and treat it as contribution to social interaction, however incoherent it may be. The holophrastic stage follows pre-language, and is reached at the age of 12-18 months. Holophrastic is a single form functioning as a phrase or sentence. The infant begins to produce a number of recognisable single utterances. The main characteristic of the holophrastic stage is the use of single terms foe everyday objects e.g. cat, cup whats that etc. Although many of the forms are used to name a single object the infant may be using them to refer to something else and extending their use, but may not be able to string the two separate forms together to form the one phrase. .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 , .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .postImageUrl , .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 , .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0:hover , .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0:visited , .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0:active { border:0!important; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0:active , .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0 .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u24f37f1c02b51bb9bbfbe828fd5cd6b0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: French Revolution (Causes and Changes) EssayThe two-word stage occurs at approx. 18-20 months, and involves a variety of combinations to make more complex phrases, e.g. baby chair, mummy eat will appear. They may be interpreted in many different ways by the responding adult e.g. the phrase baby chair, may be taken as an expression of possession this is babys chair, as a request put baby in chair, or as a statement baby is in the chair. The adult therefore reacts as if there is communication taking place; the child produces speech, and then receives feedback, which confirms to the child that the utterance has been successful. By the age of 2, the child will have a vocabular y of over 50 words, and is treated as an entertaining conversational partner by the primary caretaker, e.g. asking the child to say things in order to display his/her vast understanding of language. Now that the child has a fairly large vocabulary the stage of telegraphic speech begins. This is the stage where the important things are said. Between 2 and 3 years old, the child begins to produce a number of multiple word utterances. The variation of word forms that begin to be used by the child are the interesting and prominent feature of telegraphic speech. Telegraphic speech is characterised by strings of lexical morphemes the smallest unit of meaning in a language in phrases e.g. cat drink milk. At this stage phrases such as Andrew want ball display that the child has acquired some sentence building capacity. By the age of 2 and a  ½, the childs vocabulary is expanding and he/she is now beginning to initiate conversation more frequently. At the age of three, the vocabulary has grown to hundreds of words, and the pronunciation is becoming more like that of an adult. Speech initiated by the child is now coherent. The child now reaches the stage of morphology, and is going beyond the boundaries of telegraphic speech. Inflectional morphemes are now being used by the child to  indicate the grammatical function of the nouns and verbs being used. A morpheme is the smallest piece of speech that has meaning. The child begins to use ing to form expressions such as mummy reading book, s to make plurals cats, and the possessive inflection s is used to form girls dog. When addings to form plurals however the child may develop a tendency to over generalise and add s and es to words such as foot, and house. During the stage of morphology the child is trying to work out and understand how to use the linguistic system as well as use it as a form of communication. Syntax is an important part of the acquisition process showing that the child understands what they are hearing but their use of syntactic structure is being employed to allow them to express what they are hearing around them in their own individual way. There are three identifiable stages in the formation of questions and the use of negatives, stage 1 takes place between 18 and 26 months and the wh form is added to the beginning with a slight rise in intonation e.g. where kitty?. Stage 2 between 22 and 30 months more complex expressions can be formed and more wh forms are used e.g. You want eat? .Stage 3 between 24 and 40 months, the inversions of subject and verbs has appeared How that opened? There are several semantic features of the acquisition process, the most common being overextension, during the holophrastic stage the child overextends the meaning of a word on the basis of similar shapes, size, movement etc e.g. bow-wow for cats, horses, and cows or tick-tock for a watch, bathroom scales etc. Lexical relations are also a feature of child semantics. The child will almost always use the middle level term in a set of similar words e.g. animal: dog: poodle, the child will use dog, as a word for animals. .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a , .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .postImageUrl , .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a , .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a:hover , .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a:visited , .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a:active { border:0!important; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a:active , .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf332f095bd3c2380a882c2e25a00aa8a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teenage drinking EssayBy the age of 5, the child will have a vocabulary of over 2000words and will have completed the majority of the basic language acquisition process.

3 Problems with Parenthesis

3 Problems with Parenthesis 3 Problems with Parenthesis 3 Problems with Parenthesis By Mark Nichol Parenthesis is the strategy of setting a word, phrase, or clause off from a sentence to interject additional information into that statement. Despite the name, parenthesis can be accomplished with a two commas or a pair of dashes as well as with a brace of parentheses. However, several problems can occur when writers attempt to parenthesize: The punctuation employed is not appropriate, the parenthesis is misplaced in the sentence, or what appears to be a parenthetical element is in fact something else. The following sentences illustrate these three problems respectively. 1. He took it from me, stole it, really, years ago. Really is a parenthesis of â€Å"stole it† (a parenthesis can follow rather than interrupt the phrase or clause it supplements), and â€Å"stole it, really† is a parenthesis of â€Å"He took it from me years ago,† so a hierarchy of punctuation should be employed to clarify the sentence organization. Because dashes are more emphatic than commas, they should assume the major parenthetical role; the comma separating â€Å"stole it† and really can remain: â€Å"He took it from me- stole it, really- years ago.† 2. Attacks relating to phishing fraud attempts have been very common in recent times (e.g., someone posing as an organization’s CEO emails its CFO to request an urgent payment transfer). A parenthesis should be directly adjacent to the element of the sentence it pertains to. This parenthesis relates to â€Å"attacks relating to fraud attempts,† not to â€Å"recent times,† so it should immediately follow the former phrase: â€Å"Attacks relating to phishing fraud attempts (e.g., someone posing as an organization’s CEO emails its CFO to request an urgent payment transfer) have been very common in recent times.† 3. But the battle has not been lost- the battlefield keeps changing and continuing to evolve- as one door closes, another is opened. This sentence is punctuated as if â€Å"the battlefield keeps changing and continuing to evolve† is a parenthetical statement interrupting the framing sentence, but the statement that remains when the parenthesis is omitted is â€Å"But the battle has not been lost; as one door closes, another is opened,† which makes no sense, because the point of the second clause does not follow from that of the first. However, the statement between the dashes is not parenthetical, and the third clause is an extension of the second one, not the initial one. The first dash correctly signals that a shift in syntax is imminent (another function of the dash besides parenthesis), but another punctuation mark should replace the second dash so that the two dashes are not misinterpreted as bracketing a parenthetical comment: â€Å"But the battle has not been lost: The battlefield keeps changing and continuing to evolve; as one door closes, another is opened.† (Another option is to divide the sentence into two statements, as here: â€Å"But the battle has not been lost. The battlefield keeps changing and continuing to evolve; as one door closes, another is opened.† In this case, the second dash can be retained instead of replacing it with a semicolon.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and Numerals50 Idioms About Roads and Paths10 Tips About How to Write a Caption

Biography of Paulo Coelho, Brazilian Writer

Biography of Paulo Coelho, Brazilian Writer Paulo Coehlo (born August 24, 1947) is a Brazilian writer and lyricist from Rio de Janeiro. He achieved fame with his second novel, The Alchemist, which has sold at least 65 million copies and holds the Guinness World Record for being the most translated book in the world by a living author. Fast Facts: Paulo Coelho Known For:  Brazilian writer/novelistBorn:  August 24, 1947 in Rio de Janeiro, BrazilParents:  Lygia Araripe Coelho de Souza, Pedro Queima Coelho de SouzaSpouse:  Christina OiticicaPublished Works: The Pilgrimage, The Alchemist, Brida, The Valkyries, By the River Piedra I Sat Down and Wept, The Fifth Mountain, Veronika Decides to Die, The Devil and Miss Prym, The Witch of Portobello, Aleph, Adultery, HippieAwards and Honors: United Kingdom’s 2004 Nielsen Gold Book Award, France’s Grand Prix Litteraire Elle in 1995, Germany’s 2002 Corine International Award for fictionNotable Quote: â€Å"And, when you want something, all the universe conspires in helping you to achieve it.† (The Alchemist) Early Life and Education Coelho was born in Rio de Janeiro to devout Catholic parents, Lygia Araripe Coelho de Souza and Pedro Queima Coelho de Souza, and attended Jesuit schools during his childhood. He had dreams of being a writer early in his life, but his parents were opposed as they felt it was a dead-end career. They went so far as to commit him to a mental asylum three times, beginning when he was 17; he was subject to electro-shock therapy there. He eventually began law school at the request of his parents, but dropped out in the 1970s, joining Brazils hippie subculture and traveling abroad. Early Career Under the Dictatorship In 1972, Coelho began to write lyrics for Brazilian rock singer Raul Seixas, one of many musicians protesting the military dictatorship that was in place between 1964 and 1985. The military overthrew a left-leaning president in 1964 and began a campaign of repression, utilizing censorship, kidnapping, and torture and targeting left-wing activists, artists, and intellectuals. Coelho was imprisoned various times during the dictatorship and subjected to torture, an experience he wrote about in a 2019 op-ed for the Washington Post. In that piece he drew connections between the military dictatorship and the current authoritarian-leaning presidency of Jair Bolsonaro, who has professed admiration and nostalgia for the dictatorship. Coelhos Pilgrimage and The Alchemist After traveling to Europe in 1982 and meeting a spiritual mentor, Coelho embarked on the famous Road to Santiago de Compostela pilgrimage in Spain in 1986. This event changed his life, led him to return to Catholicism, and inspired his first novel, The Pilgrimage. From then on, he devoted himself to writing. He later stated regarding the impact of his pilgrimage, When I reached Compostela,  at the end of the Road to Santiago, I thought, what am I going to do with my life? That’s when I made the decision to burn all my bridges and become a writer.† Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho poses next to a plate with his name during his visit to Santiago de Compostela, northwestern Spain, on June 23, 2008.   Miguel Riopa / Getty Images It was Coelhos second novel, The Alchemist, that converted him into a household name. The book chronicles the journey of a young Andalusian shepherd, Santiago, who embarks on a search for an Egyptian treasure that has appeared in his dreams; he ultimately finds the treasure back in his homeland. The novel is filled with inspirational messages about destiny that have been widely quoted. Published in Coelhos native Portuguese in 1988, it was not until it was translated to French in the early 1990s that the novel caught the attention of the world. New translations followed and The Alchemist holds the Guinness World Record for the most translated book in the world by any living author. It has sold anywhere between 65 and 80 million copies. Actor Laurence Fishburne has spent close to two decades trying to develop the novel into a feature film, and it appears the project may be coming to fruition soon. Author Paulo Coelho poses for a photograph at the London Book Fair as he is presented with the Guiness World Record for the most translations of a single title signed by the author in one sitting on April 16, 2007 in London, England.   Chris Jackson / Getty Images Since The Alchemist, Coelho has published a book roughly every two years. He has published both fiction and non-fiction/memoir, and is known for drawing on themes of spirituality and self-discovery. His novels often combine personal narratives with larger, philosophical questions. He also blogs extensively at http://paulocoelhoblog.com/ and is an active Twitter user who often posts inspirational quotes for his followers. Reception of Coelhos Work Despite his massive popularity with readers, Coelho has not always been lauded by literary critics, particularly in his home country of Brazil. Some critics believe he writes in a non-literary and unadorned style, at least in his native tongue of Portuguese. His books have also been critiqued as being more self-help than literature, as offering snake-oil mysticism, and for being full of vapid, inspirational messages such as what you might find on a Hallmark card. Coelho became a target of literary critics particularly in 2012, when he disparaged the work of James Joyce, widely considered to be one of the best writers of the 20th century. Sources Paulo Coelho. Britannica.com. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paulo-Coelho, accessed August 8, 2019.Goodyear, Dana. The Magus: The Astonishing Appeal of Paulo Coelho. The New Yorker, April 30, 2007. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/05/07/the-magus, accessed August 8, 2019.Morais, Fernando. Paulo Coelho: A Warriors Life: The Authorized Biography. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2009.

Database management systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Database management systems - Research Paper Example Organizing and maintaining such enormous amount of data in only papers is almost impossible. If back up is not maintained properly, the business might lose critical information which could lead to losses. Thus, the migration of existing and current data to cloud based platform will require well defined architecture as well as strategies. The cloud database model should have specific objectives in line with policies of the organization. The model should also include sufficient security, encryption, and control over information which will be transferred. The biggest challenge lies in maintaining the balance between speed of data transfer, cost of data transfer, data accuracy and consistency. If all these aspects of cloud database management are not ensured then the consequences could be data loss, wrong location data placement or data alteration during transfer process. Even though cloud based computing platforms are becoming popular, especially for e-business and MNCs, due to cost eff iciency, there are issues related to data safety, speed and security. The objective of this paper is to critically analyze the cloud database by pointing out disadvantages of cloud data. Introduction and Background of the Research The cloud computing technology has been receiving significant attention in the market lately. For many sectors and companies in various industries, cloud is not just an umbrella for marketing but a consolidated technology that offers grid computing, SAAS (software as a service), distributed computing, and so on. There are many companies that offer cloud services including Amazon RDS and Microsoft SQL Azure. A cloud database is basically a database management system that runs on cloud computing platform (Curino, pp.1-2). Some of the cloud computing platforms are Go Grid, Amazon EC2, and Rack space. (Source: Curino and et.al, n.d, p.2) The main vision on the basis of which cloud computing was developed is based on certain key features that cloud database is expected to perform. Some of the important features that was kept in mind while creating cloud data platform were data storage, processing, software installation, software delivery from local servers and desktops across various networks. The key concept was that the target users must get access to remote data from anywhere at any time without requiring to carry a hard drive or other storage device. The concept was created to free big corporations from generating own power and capital investment. Thus, the most important candidate of cloud computing is the database management applications. The main reason behind this is that large corporations spend huge sum of money to safely manage enterprise data which involves upfront investment in both hardware and patented software services. The advantage that the different enterprises would get from cloud computing is that they could reduce their annual data management cost significant with the help cloud database. By using cloud data the comp anies will not have to install, own and maintain dedicated expensive software packages. The reason is that cloud computing service providers or vendors provide their customers with virtual machines or platforms from where the customer will be able to install and manage software services without having to own and store a version in their

Growth through Internationalisation among Entrepreneurial Firms Essay - 1

Growth through Internationalisation among Entrepreneurial Firms - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that an international strategy can be successful only when there is a strong understanding about different behaviours, beliefs, business strategies and values of other firms across the globe. Innovation can be stated as the most important tool for entrepreneurs. Through innovative strategies an entrepreneur can acquire desirable market share and generate high profit margins. This study shall reveal the ways in which internationalization as a growth strategy has supported entrepreneurial firms. Apart from being aligned with corporate social responsibility, entrepreneurs must have an inclination towards innovation and maintaining quality. A theoretical background will be included in this study so as to highlight the importance of internationalization growth strategy for companies. The findings of this research paper will outline the growth path of entrepreneurial firms that has adopted internationalization strategy. There are some limitations a nd future research considerations also encompassed in this study. The major aim of this study is to highlight the importance of internationalization in growth of entrepreneurial firms. This study will encompass various dimensions of internationalization strategy. Objectives of the study can be classified as: According to Byrne and Popoff, internationalization can be defined as one of the business strategies which are adopted by entrepreneurs so as to achieve long-term success. Entrepreneurs usually focus on domestic market but to retain their market position the best mechanism is to target global markets. An international strategy basically means that there are scattered subsidiaries internationally and all of them act as local companies with no such support from parent company. As stated by Carnegy, global strategy often leads to wide array of corporate strategies with a little adaption to business environment. The major challenge in this process is to incorporate one common strate gy that can be implemented across the globe.

Living In A Surveillance Society Information Technology Essay

Living In A Surveillance Society Information Technology Essay To say we are consciously or unconsciously sleep walking into surveillance society is a question of fact because frankly speaking individuals in society go through some form of surveillance. The security attached to surveillance allows individuals embrace it and sometimes with the knowledge of risks that come with being watched meanwhile others walk into a surveillance society without any knowledge of such dangers. 1.2 Judging from past and present events reported in several cases, journals and articles about the benefits and dangers that accompany a surveillance society, I am of the opinion that there is a need to analyse the concept of a surveillance society to ascertain if the concerns of the Information Commissioner are justified or not. 1.3 This essay would surround different issues in relation to a surveillance society such as individual privacy, data protection, laws that provide for data protection, different forms of surveillance and surveillance technologies with a view to providing some clarity regarding the concerns of the commissioner on the concept of a surveillance society. 2.0 Surveillance 2.1 Definition of surveillance Surveillance is viewed as having information about ones movement and activities recorded by technologies on behalf of the organisations and governments that structured our society.  [1]  Surveillance was also defined as a purposeful routine, systematic and focused attention paid to personal details for the sake of control, entitlement, management, influence or protection.  [2]   In my opinion, to be under surveillance means that almost every aspect of an individuals life is been watched, monitored and controlled by others who consider themselves superior and thereby deny people of their right to privacy and control of different aspects of their lives. Professor Ian J.Lloyd, referring to Alan Westins seminar work on Information Technology in a Democracy identified three types of surveillance as: physical, psychological and data surveillance  [3]   Physical surveillance involves the watching and monitoring of acts of individuals in a society and can be carried out with or without the use of surveillance technologies. The use of spies, spooks and acts of security agencies fall within the above and is applied to limited individuals. Psychological surveillance involves the use of surveillance technologies to monitor the activities of individuals in a society by the use of interrogations. Furthermore, data surveillance involves the use of ones personal information to monitor their activities. Due to technology compliance by countries, dataveillance is the most prominent form of surveillance used which is supported by electronic devices. 2.2 Living in a surveillance society The idea of a surveillance society springs from the fears of the government and people as regards the reoccurring threats to lives of individuals based on past events like terrorism, fraud, armed robbery and shop lifting. In finding solutions to these problems, certain measures and forms of surveillance were introduced to provide security, and whether these solutions are appropriate, remains a question as there might be more invasive answers which result to an individuals right to privacy and anonymity being infringed. Focus should reflect the attainment of social goals rather than living in the shadow of the consequence of a surveillance society.  [4]   The United Kingdom (UK)is an example of a country that is fully compliant with the idea of a surveillance society because almost every aspect of their lives starting from taking a walk on the streets, driving their cars, going shopping in the supermarkets, going to the hospital and even in their work place they are under surveillance and this is so because the UK is a highly technologically developed country with access to lots of surveillance technologies used to monitor the activities in the life of their citizens and the UK has been described as the most surveyed country with more CCTV cameras but the irony is that it still has loose laws on privacy and data protection. In Britain there are about 4.2 million CCTV cameras, one for every fourteen people, meaning that an individuals activities can be captured by over three hundred cameras a day. Reporters claim Britain has the biggest DNA data base with over a million innocent peoples data on, with some being aware and others in the dark and with the advent of new and improved modern surveillance technologies being introduced individuals will be subjected to even more surveillance than they are going through today.  [5]   A surveillance society is not a totally bad concept as it has its advantages and disadvantages. Its advantages include provision of security and protection of people from computer hackers, terrorists, threats to public security, provides speed and enhances co-ordination  [6]  . Consequent upon the pros of a surveillance society, the greatest negative effect of a surveillance society is the threat to privacy of individuals, though we seem to be more concerned with our fears and in the process over look the possibility that being fully dependent on surveillance technologies for safety could end up being of more harm to us than good. Surveillance creates lack of trust and raises suspicion between citizens, citizens and the state, thereby heightening the need for us to control and monitor our activities. 2.3 Surveillance Technologies There are different kinds of surveillance technologies that are used in our society today which can also be summarized under the different forms of surveillance. Some examples of surveillance technologies includes as follows: (a) Video surveillance i.e. the use of Closed-circuit Televisions (CCTV) (b) Telecommunications surveillance (c) Biometrics (d) Shop Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags (e) Loyalty cards (f) Internet cookies (g) Data Flows (h) Locating, Tracking Tagging Technologies (I) London Oyster Cards e.t.c Video Surveillance This is considered the most popular kind of surveillance technology used in a surveillance society because the use of CCTV cameras enable the capturing of images of individuals who go about their activities with the aim of preventing crime. CCTV cameras are devices that have actively been used in Britain to watch people and as such it has been predicted by experts that by the year 2009, 642 million pounds would have been spent on video surveillance software as against the 147million pounds spent in 2004 in a bid to reducing the crime rate.  [7]   Telecommunications surveillance This involves the use of technical equipments such as Global Positioning System (GPS), tapping of phones by the police or security services and it involves the exchange of data and information which is enabled by large scale digital and computing systems such as the internet. Biometrics Surveillance Biometrics is another very common surveillance technology being used today in most organizations, embassies and airports. This form of identification includes body trace e.g. fingerprints, iris scans, facial topography and hand scans which are all used on different passports and I.D card systems. Biometrics has been predicted to cause UK a healthy sum of 4.7 billion industry in 2009 which initially in the year 2003 cost 675 million and this is so because of the creation of more sophisticated surveillance technologies like smart cameras to iris identification, all with the belief that there will be accuracy in identification and crime will be reduced.  [8]   Radio Frequency Identification Technologies (RFID) It involves the use of radio frequency communications as a way to track goods as they move through the supply chain. RFID are embedded into products, pallets and cases thereby enabling the RFID readers read information from those tags  [9]  . Data flows Surveillance This is a very sensitive form of surveillance as it is gathered by surveillance technologies and it flows around computer networks and has been described by Clarke R as dataveillance which is the systematic use of personal data systems in the investigation or monitoring of the actions of one or more persons  [10]  .In most circumstances of data subjects consents to giving their data, but what now happens in a situation whereby the data is transferred elsewhere and there is no idea as to where the data goes by either the public or data sharing agencies. In such a case one tends to wonder if we can say we have confidence in the state as regards the safety of our data. With the use of these technologies you can see that in a surveillance society our lives can be monitored entirely as everything you do has one form of surveillance technology which can be used to track you. Some of these technologies include Global Positioning System(GPS) which can be use in tracking your precise location, loyalty cards which can be use to determine your capacity in shopping and as such marketers know how to target a customer based on his or her spending habits and even the internet can be monitored because every individual leaves trails when browsing the internet and this trails are called cookies which are left on a users machine thereby recognizing when visits were made to that site thereby making the activities of user traceable  [11]  . There are also non-technological means of surveillance of surveillance which we practice as individuals in the society such as eavesdropping, watching, use of human spies and many others  [12]  . But these methods due to the advent of technology and modernity are gradually fading away because they are looked upon as ineffective compared to technological mediums. This is because surveillance technologies provide faster means of security, safety and certainty. We are left with the concern of how effective surveillance technologies are to our lives and to what extent can we say that they have made a positive impact on our lives than the negative ones. 2.4 The Negative and Positive Impact of Surveillance on our society. A surveillance society has its negative and positive impacts on our lives as individuals in the society but the negatives impacts are greater than the positive ones. Surveillance society has a way of setting traps for individuals in a society and this trap includes: (a)Thinking that surveillance is a product of new technologies and (b)Thinking of surveillance as a malign plot hatched by evil powers.  [13]   Ones an individuals looks at the concept of a surveillance society in this light then it is easy for one to fall into the trap of a surveillance society and the dangers that it poses to how lives. Apart from a sense of security, safety, minimum amount of risks, swift flow of goods, people and information which we as individuals believe are the positive effects of surveillance on our lives, what other way can we really say that a surveillance society has improved our lives or limited the risks and dangers we go through every day because irrespective of all the different forms of surveillance both technological and non-technological, It has not kept us out of harms way. The presence of CCTV cameras in the UK has not reduced the level of crime as terrorist still find means of operating and planning attacks. More so, individual personal data are still being used against them and all thanks to surveillance. Surveillance creates room for suspicion and lack of trust in the society because why should employers feel there is a need to monitor the affairs of their employees by bugging their cell phones, putting tracking devices in their company vehicles, storage of employees personal data, making them undertake certain medical tests and answering personal questions about their lives which could be used against them in the future. Surveillance exposes individuals in a society to harm as we may not know who is watching us and what purpose our data is being used for because in the UK and the world at large, we still do not have updated data protection laws that would secure our database from unauthorized access or leakage and therefore leaving us in harms way if our personal data was to fall into the hands of the wrong person because those watching us could pose a threat to us, instead of providing us with security. Surveillance encourages social discrimination relating to race and ethnicity as sometimes our personal data is used to determine the level of benefits we get in the society. Surveillance encourages deceit, dishonesty and function creep in the sense that the data controllers tell the people that they need their data for a particular purpose and end up using such data for another purpose. Also surveillance technologies help marketers to manipulate customers data in the sense that the use of Loyalty Cards which is common in the UK helps producers to monitor the resources of a customer by their shopping habits and as such they come up with ways to direct marketing to that customer in order to make profits and this is wrong. Another negative effect of a surveillance society which I consider to be the most crucial is the infringement of ones right to privacy and the total loss of an individuals anonymity in the society. Privacy is a fundamental right of every individual in a society but you find that in a surveillance society, it is not possible for one to exercise that right because everywhere you go, you cant be anonymous because cameras are watching in the streets and as such the whole idea of privacy and anonymity has been defeated. The above effects of surveillance are more negative than positive and much more has to be done to grant us more confidence that our society is safe. 3.0 The Right to Privacy In Relation to a Surveillance Society 3.1 What is Privacy? The concept of Privacy in relation to a surveillance society is of paramount importance because an individuals privacy in society is a constitutional right which should not be infringed. One cannot talk about a surveillance society without the issue of privacy. Privacy and surveillance cannot co-exist together without one being a hindrance to the other. A surveillance society cannot function without crossing the path of privacy while privacy cannot be secured in a surveillance society, which poses a dilemma to individuals because we are left with two options which are: (a)Choose Surveillance and forego your privacy and (b)Choose your Privacy and live with the possibility of being exposed to danger and risks at any time With these options, whatever choice will make us prone to loosing something important to our lives. 3.2 Definitions of Privacy Privacy was defined by Judge Cooley in the year 1888 as The right to be left alone   [14]  . Privacy has also been defined by some writers as: The right of the individual to be protected against intrusion into his personal life or affairs or those of his family, by direct physical means or by publication of information  [15]   Privacy is very important to individuals in the sense that it is the only form of dignity and pride individuals have. Therefore laws need to protect this right, otherwise people in a surveillance society will become puppets who have no control as to how their personal data and information is used and manipulated by the Puppet masters. Article 8 of the Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms (Convention), 1985 provides which was ratified by the Council of Europe provides that: (1) Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. (2)There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interest of national security, public safety of economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health morals or for the protection of the rights of freedoms of others.  [16]   This convention as of that year was not a confirmed law and its provisions could only be confirmed in European Courts and because UK was a signatory for the Council of Europe, the Convention applied to the UK but in 1998 the Human Rights Acts (HRA) was enacted in the UK and were incorporated into the UK law and a more recent Law was enacted in 2000 in charter (7) of the Fundamental rights of the European Union which provided for right to privacy in respect to modern day communication.  [17]   3.3 Issues of Privacy in Relation to a surveillance society A surveillance society is a huge area of contention in relation to privacy in the sense that it affects every aspect of an individuals life. Eric Barendt ,Described the fight between surveillance and privacy as (Political) he said: prominent figures mostly politicians, celebrities, members of the royal family are trying to protect their lives from media scrutiny meanwhile on the other hand the press which is surveillance in this case is fighting to retain their liberty of publication  [18]   He was also of the view that privacy is a fundamental human right that should not be Infringed on either by the government, business, individual or the media  [19]   As individuals in a surveillance society we need to have the right to preserve our privacy but if our actions keep on being monitored by technological or non-technological means of surveillance, it will leave a trail which can be traced back to us. Also, the fact that our personal data is constantly being transferred from one data base to another and processed by different processors makes access to our personal information easy. In the case of R v Brown  [20]  , Lord Hoffman in his judgement stated: Privacy which is the right to keep oneself to our self, to tell other people that certain things are none of their business is under technological threat due to the different and various types of surveillance e.g. surveillance cameras, telephone bugs, which are used by individuals in the society today.  [21]   Also in the case of Leander v Sweden  [22]  , Mr Torsten Leander was denied employment as a result of his personal information which was held in a register and was revealed to his employer without knowledge of the kind of information that was kept about him and for what purpose it will be used and this constituted a breach of his right to privacy provided for in Article 8 (1) Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms (Convention). In the case of Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers  [23]  , taking pictures of Miss Campbell outside the Nacortics Anonymous, breached her right to privacy when her photos were published. She appealed on the grounds of breach of confidence by the media and which is one of her fundamental human right and against the provisions of the Data protection Act (1998). The court of appeal was against the verdict of the case but on appeal the House of Lords passed judgement in her favour which also gave rise to other opinions concerning the extent to which ones privacy can be said to have been breached. In the case of Craxi v Italy, it was established that there was indeed an infringement of Article 8 of the European convention on human rights, though Mr. Craxi was guilty of committing certain offences, it was held that: the state failed to provide safe custody of the transcripts of telephone conversation which Were presented as evidence before the court and to subsequently carry out an effective Investigation as to how those private communications were released into public domain  [24]   Privacy is gradually becoming lost in our society irrespective of the different Laws that have been established in our society, we cant honestly say that they protect our personal information from the dangers of a surveillance society such as globalization, the internet and the continuous invention of new technologies by virtue of new discoveries. 4.0 REGULATIONS A society cannot exist without laws and supervisory authorities that would regulate the actions and behaviours of individuals. In a surveillance society, there is a great need for laws and bodies to be established in other to oversee and supervise the way our personal data is being used because without people watching those who process our data, there is a risk of danger to us as our information could be manipulated and used against us if it were to fall into wrong hands. Blackmail by criminals and discrimination to our person could result where medical data about an individual who has HIV or other deadly diseases was to leak, as the person could be subject to social discrimination and stigmatisation. As a result of this, different countries have supervisory authorities who possess some powers to ensure that our privacy is protected in a surveillance society. Article 28 (1) and (2) of the data protection Directive provides for the establishment of these supervisory authorities and their powers. In the UK we have the information commissioner meanwhile other member countries except Germany have a single supervisory authority who supervise the affairs of their personal data.  [25]   Different Laws have been enacted and put in place in our society today so as to make sure that our personal information is protected but these laws have their strengths and weaknesses and cannot be relied on completely by individuals in a surveillance society. Most of this law are guided by some basic principles such as: (a)Personal data must be processed fairly and lawfully. (b)Personal data should not be use for any purpose other than the purpose it was obtained for. (c)Personal data must be accurate and kept up to date. (d)An individual must be informed of when personal data about them is collected. (e)The purpose for which personal data was obtained should be stated. (f)The consent of the individual must be obtained before obtaining their personal information (g)Individuals must be told how their data will be protected from misuse. (I)Individuals should be told how they can access their data and should be able to verify its accuracy and request changes where necessary  [26]  . The above represent the basic fair information principles (FIP) that regulate the control of our personal data in a surveillance society. These principles exist side by side with some laws in controlling the use of our data. Some of these laws include: (1)European Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. (2)Data Protection Act 1998. (3)Regulation of investigatory powers Act 2000. (4)Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001. (5)The Council of Europe Convention. (6)OECD 1980 Laws. (7)Telecommunications Directive (97/66/EC). (8) Electronic communications Act 2000. 4.1 Data Protection Act (1998) The need of data protections laws arouse out of the growing use of computers in the 1970s and the threat to personal privacy that rapid manipulation of data posed and as a result data was made easily accessible from many different points. Computer technology makes it possible for data to be transferred from one data base to another by data controllers and processors such as employers, companies, government agencies and so on and data subjects most of the time are not aware of the purpose for which their personal data is being used.  [27]   Schedule 1 of the Act provides for the principles of data protection, schedule 2 provides for all personal data and schedule 3 provides only for sensitive personal data. The Act defined personal data in section 1 as data which relate to a living individual who can be identified from those data or from those data which are under procession of or is likely to come into the possession of the data controller  [28]  . It also provides in section 2 for sensitive personal data which is personal data consisting of information as to racial or ethnic origin, sexual life, mental health, religious beliefs  [29]   The Act is a regulatory law that is recognised by the UK and as such section 6  [30]  of the Act provides for the Office of the Information Commissioner and the tribunal and their powers as supervisory authorities with regards to our personal data and this Act applies to the United Kingdom (UK) and any other (EEA) state by virtue of section 5 of this act  [31]   The Act also provides data subjects with some rights in order to protect their personal data such as: Right to access of our personal data Right to be informed of our personal data and the purpose for which they are used Right of rectification and erasure of data when it appears incorrect e.t.c Schedule 1 of the Data protection Act (1998) provided for eight principles which data controllers and processors are to apply when handling our personal data which is in conformity with the fair information principles mentioned above. 4.2ORGANIZATION OF ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ( OECD 1980) LAWS The OECD guidelines were adopted in 1980 on the protection of privacy and trans-border data flows of personal data. It comprised of 24 countries throughout the world and including the U.S and it was enacted to harmonize national privacy legislation and uphold human rights and prevent interruptions in international flows of data. The OECD 1980 guidelines include: (1)Collection limitation: There should be limits to the collection of personal data and it should be obtained by lawful means with the consent of the data subject where necessary (2)Data quality principle states that personal data should be relevant for the purposes in which they are used and should be accurate and up to date. (3)Purpose specification: The purpose for which the data was collected must be specified (4)Security safeguards principle for example loss, unauthorized access, destruction and so on should be observed. (5)Openness Principle (6)Individual participation principle (7)Accountability principle: A data controller should be accountable for complying with measures which give effect to the principles stated above (8) Use limitation principle: Personal data should not be disclosed, made available or used for purposes other than those specified except with the consent of the data subject or the law.  [32]   4.3 Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act (2001) This law was established to reduce the level of terrorism and crime and to provide for the retention of communications data and for many other connected purposes. This law is issued by the secretary of the state who from time to time can revise a code of practise in relation to the retention of communications providers of communications data obtained by and held by them in other to safeguard national security and prevent crime by virtue of section102 (1),(2) and (3) of the Act.  [33]   Judging from our analysis of a few laws, reports have shown that these privacy laws are not efficient enough to safeguard our privacy and personal data in a surveillance society. Other measures of regulation include: (1)Self regulation by the use of codes to regulates their conduct  [34]   (2)Privacy enhancing technologies (PET)  [35]   (3) Individual s

Beowulf and Christianity Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Morality, a standard of right behavior, was one of the most important characteristics during the Anglo-Saxon era. The story Beowulf depicted many virtues of the times. Beowulf holds his morals and virtues above all else, from the way he fought in battle until the day he died.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Beowulf showed his honor as he traveled from his homeland to battle the vicious monster Grendel, who was terrorizing the Danes. Grendel â€Å"raided and ravaged† (105) the mead hall, showing no honor by killing inebriated men in their sleep. Beowulf proved his honor by deciding to â€Å"spurn all weapons†(338) and fight Grendel â€Å"with hand grip only†(342) thus declining an upper hand on his foe. Beowulf’s honor is apparent again when he describes the contest between himself and his boyhood friend Breca. Beowulf and ...

Guinness Corporate Strategy

Income Segmentation although Guinness don't directly segment its product into different segments, Guinness beers are more expensive to the consumer because they target customers may be willing to pay more for what some pensive to be a distinctive taste – a taste which is more expensive to produce. The Japanese distribution system Distribution channels in Japan are very different from other countries; they are as inefficient as they are complex. The system is characterized by multiple layers of wholesalers who have developed close, personal relationships with other wholesalers, manufacturers, importers, and retailers.Moreover, these intimate relationships often serve as an informal barrier to foreign companies wishing to sell directly to end-users or retailers. Many exporters find retailers/end-users unwilling to disrupt their longstanding, personal relationships with Japanese suppliers even when the foreign company can offer a product of superior or equal quality at a cheaper price. Many Japanese retailers/ end-users are unwilling to make the switch to an â€Å"unreliable† foreign supplier. They fear a lack of commitment on the part of the foreign supplier will lead to problems.They also fear breakdowns in communication. This state of affairs has led many companies' new-to-market exporters to complain of the complexity and lack of transparency of the Japanese system. An encouraging sign is the recent trend towards greater efficiency within the Japanese distribution system, resulting in fewer smaller retailers and wholesalers. Faced with deregulation and changing patterns of consumption, many Japanese companies are modifying marketing and sales strategies to take advantage of these developments.Imports are already benefiting from these trends, as seen in increased sales by Japanese department stores and other mass merchandisers and by a variety of new retailing ventures that match changing Japanese lifestyles. There are also indications that some w holesalers are modernizing and consolidating operations, thus reducing more inefficient elements in the system. However, the process is slow. The characteristics of the distribution system are deeply rooted in the cultural history of Japan. How to Set Up Business in Japan/ Laws & Regulations on Setting Up Business in Japan Section 1.Incorporating Your Business . 1 Types of operation in Japan Foreign companies generally establish a business presence in Japan in one of four modes. 1. 1. 1 Representative office Representative offices are established as locations for carrying out preparatory and supplemental tasks aimed at enabling foreign companies to engage in full-scale business operations in Japan. These offices may conduct market surveys, collect information, purchase goods and implement publicity/advertising efforts, but they are not permitted to engage in sales activities.The establishment of representative offices does not require registration. A representative office cannot ord inarily open bank accounts or lease real estate in its own name, so agreements for such purposes must Instead De Selenga Day ten nana Outlet AT ten Torrent company or representative at the representative office in an individual capacity. 1. 1. 2 Branch office Foreign companies wishing to engage in business operations in Japan must establish a branch office or a subsidiary company. The simplest means for a foreign company to establish a base for business operations in Japan is to set up a branch office.The branch office can begin business operations as soon as an office location is secured, he branch office representative determined, and the necessary information registered. A Japanese branch office is a business location that provides services in Japan decided upon by an organization authorized by the foreign company, and ordinarily is not expected to engage in independent decision making. A branch office does not have its own legal corporate status, but instead is deemed to be enco mpassed within the corporate status of the foreign company.In general, therefore, the foreign company is ultimately responsible for all debts and credits generated by the activities of its Japanese branch office. A Japanese branch office, however, may open bank accounts and lease real estate in its own name. 1. 1. 3 Subsidiary company A foreign company establishing a subsidiary company in Japan must choose to establish the subsidiary company as a Joint-stock corporation (Kabuki's-Aisha (K. K. )), limited liability company (Good-Aisha (LLC)), or similar entity stipulated by Japan's Corporate Law.Both unlimited partnerships (Gomes-Aisha) and limited partnerships (Gosh-Aisha) are granted corporate status under the Corporate Law, but they are rarely chosen in practice because equity participants bear unlimited ether than limited liability. All types of subsidiary companies can be established by completing the required procedures stipulated by law and then registering the corporation. A subsidiary is a separate corporation from the foreign company, so the foreign company will bear the liability of an equity participant stipulated by law for all debts and credits generated by the activities of the subsidiary.Other methods by which a foreign company may invest in Japan using a Japanese corporation but without establishing a subsidiary are by establishing a Joint venture with a Japanese enterprise or investment company, and by equity participation in a Japanese enterprise. 1. 1. 4 Limited liability partnership (ALP) It is also possible to do business by using a Huge Seeking Jaggy Kumara. This type of entity, considered the Japanese version of a limited liability partnership (ALP), is not a corporation, but a partnership formed only by the equity participants, who have limited liability.